Puppy first walk how long. html>aq Puppy still enthusiastic – repeat as above for five more minutes. Corgis dogs need to be walked regularly. According to most vets, the earliest age to walk a puppy is when their second vaccination becomes protective. However, this should really be used as a rough guide. The daily walk with your golden retriever can be done all at once, or it can be done for shorter periods of time, multiple times a day. Super useful if you work from home and you need them to rest while you get Because of all these potential pitfalls, I recommend that puppies be desensitized to a leash. Large terrier breeds like boxers, Dobermans, and Rottweiler. Be sure they go to the bathroom right before bed. As they get older, the intervals can be gradually increased. An hour and a half or as long as 2 hours for most breeds. It is then advised that you wait at least 1-2 weeks before walking your puppy for the first time, as they could come into contact with dogs who aren’t vaccinated. Jun 20, 2024 · The first question many new dog owners ask is: "How often should my puppy go outside for fresh air?" In the first few months of life, puppies should be taken outside every 2 to 3 hours after eating, playing, and sleeping. Jul 4, 2024 · Walking your puppy - Age guide. Ignore the critics – Kevin Costner’s three-hour western is a must-watch. And so forth. 4 – 5 Month Old Puppy Training. Puppies are still developing their muscles and bones, so long walks can be too hard on their bodies. 3-4 months. 3 weeks: Starting to walk. Nov 22, 2023 · No, a 30-minute walk once a day for a healthy, adult German Shepherd is too short. For their first two weeks of life, newborn pups experience the world entirely through touch and smell. 5 hours in the evening. Health and Care. 40-65 lb. At this time, puppies can also eliminate by themselves without their Mar 31, 2020 · Proper training can help regain their focus when out on a walk. Mar 7, 2024 · Keep the walk short and sweet; 10 minutes at most. In fact, it is recommended that you should walk your puppy every day even though he is only three months old. The ideal weight of a 6 years Basset Hound is 40-65 lb and 11-15 inches in height. 1 month: 5 mins once or twice a day. Every dog owner has a duty of care to make sure that their dog gets at least one walk every day. May 24, 2023 · An evening stroll gives them exercise and a chance to take a potty break. And a three-month-old can walk for 15 minutes; and a four-month-old for 20 minutes. Wondering how far can a puppy walk depending on their age? We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Anestrus is defined as the timeframe when Dec 30, 2022 · This essentially states that you multiply five minutes by how many months old your puppy is and this will be the amount of time you can walk your puppy for. Mar 5, 2018 · If your puppy pulls against you and fights the leash, then stand still and wait until he stops. How Long Do You Walk Your Puppy? Posted: July 16, 2024 | Last updated: July 16, 2024. 5 to 10 miles for smaller breeds. Limit high impact exercise such as jumping, twisting and skidding. At five months, they’ll need another walk sooner after a meal to poop than an older dog. A walk that is below 15 minutes is fine, but then you run the risk of not providing your dog with enough daily physical exercise needed to develop and grow at the rates of other dogs which are of a similar breed as yours. May 24, 2022 · A general rule of thumb is that a puppy can walk five minutes for every month of their age, starting from 8 weeks old. It is a little-known fact that puppy owners have some control over the first time they can go out walking. Jan 25, 2021 · These dogs are usually happy to take it easy after a good long walk, with outside play and other activities as well. Estrus is also known as “heat. Wherever your puppy came from, the previous owner should have done a few things, including: Organising their first puppy vaccination. So, if your puppy is 2 months old, they can walk for roughly 10 minutes at a time. Labs need at least 45-60 minutes of exercise and play daily, but they can often go longer if you allow it. Keeping a plastic bag full of treats in your pocket or attached to the lead is a good idea. Your puppy can start going for walks once it is fully covered by its primary vaccination course, which is usually 1-2 weeks after their second vaccination. Many veterinarians recommend waiting until a puppy is at least 12 weeks old As your pup gets older, you might find they can go for longer walks. Don’t forget that they will also need a booster injection each year. 5 months old. The puppy's sense of hearing is the last sense to fully develop around 3 weeks old. Leash Training a Puppy: First Steps. Although your puppy’s breed, size, energy levels, and overall health will need to be taken into consideration to work out their daily exercise routine, a good rule of thumb is a ratio of 5 minutes Nov 13, 2023 · 1. A good rule of thumb for an eight-week-old German Shepherd puppy. 5. Be prepared to care for your puppy during this crucial development stage. Adjust Dog Food If You Need To 24. It also means your puppy gets some outdoor mental stimulation and will be tired for a while in the morning. In summary, daily walking of about 30 minutes (possibly twice per day for a healthy, active chi), is a good amount for an adult chihuahua. Mark and treat for looking at you (every time) Mark and treat for following you two steps forward. You want to make sure that they enjoy the outside and exploring. Unless there is a parvo outbreak in your area, it's better to walk your dog than not. 1. You may take your Maltese out for even longer walks or to any sort of event in which Mar 22, 2023 · Take a walk around the block: This allows your puppy to become familiar with your neighborhood. You can do this by having some treats in your left hand and your pup alongside you. However, there are other factors to consider which could alter your puppy walking routine: Jun 7, 2023 · I wouldn’t expect a four month old puppy to walk at heel for long distances, or to stay in his basket for an entire meal for example. This phase of the cycle lasts anywhere from three to 21 days, with an average length of nine days. Round 2 (10-12 weeks): Distemper, Adenovirus, Parvovirus, Parainfluenza. Whereas anything above 15 minutes will run you into the risk of over exercising your 9-week-old-puppy which can lead to an Jul 5, 2023 · Training goal No. Burch. During 8-12 weeks of age, many puppies join their new homes leaving their mothers, littermates, and infancy behind. Apr 9, 2024 · When a dog’s internal body temperature goes above a normal temperature of 101. Once your pup feels comfortable wearing a collar, clip on a leash. During 3-6 months of age, puppies go through some major physical and behavioral changes like growing into its adult size, teething, and being fearful of new places and people. A 10 to 15-minute walk is usually enough for a puppy’s first outing. for example, an 8-week-old puppy can walk for 10 minutes a day. Because puppies are growing, it’s important that you exercise them correctly. If you notice any signs of exhaustion, stop walking your dog. 12 to 15 minimum, Up to 20 miles for larger breeds. If your puppy pulls on the leash, stop walking and wait until they come back to you, then reward them with a treat and keep walking. Speak to your vet about the best timings. Mar 9, 2021 · Ideally, a 20 minutes’ walk every day will keep your little Pug Puppy active and healthy. “They look like they have hardly any hair” at Jun 24, 2024 · Lack of blood flow may cause blood clotting and damage your dog’s organs in the long run. Wondering how far can a puppy walk depending on their age? . Jun 29, 2021 · 30-60 minutes of walking, 5-10 of running. The second round of vaccinations strengthens your puppy’s immune system. This will aid in regulating elimination, so you can set your watch to potty time. Between 16 to 20 weeks is also around the time your puppy will begin losing their thick, fuzzy puppy coat (called “felting”). That will Get you the amount of time, in minutes, That you should walk your puppy per day. It can be overwhelming, but it doesn’t have to be. Your puppy needs to associate the leash with play time and fun. Keep a Tight Leash on a Winter Walk 22. *Puppy starts to look full or bored* End session. ”. Jun 5, 2023 · Large Breeds. 11-15 inches. If your puppy’s second vaccine was at 12 weeks, you’ve then (very patiently, we know) waited a further 2 weeks for the protection to really kick in. Labs can be great companions and often motivate you to exercise more. With busy personal schedules, we don't May 23, 2024 · Make sure they’re nice and small, easy for your puppy to digest. They’re curious—and should be Jul 11, 2024 · Dogs in good shape should walk for 20 to 30 minutes a day, according to PetMD. Your puppy will then require a booster vaccination at 6 or 12 months. This suggestion is particularly good for dogs who are going to grow rapidly and whose skeleton can be damaged with over-exercise. Keep your eyes on your pup at all times during your first few walks and keep these tips in mind if you run into trouble. I’m finding that figuring out the time between the meal and the second poop in the first year as they mature difficult. Definitely look up puppy classes in your area to socialize your dog with other dogs. Your puppy is likely to be very excitable when they go out for the first time. This will vary from 11 to 14 weeks, depending on the vaccine type and protocol used by each vet. Apr 7, 2023 · Between 2 and 3 weeks old, a puppy's eyes open, but her vision will initially be blurry. So a two-month-old puppy can walk about 10 minutes. Feb 25, 2023 · Take the leash off for a few minutes and continue to play. Then attach the leash again. Wondering how far can a puppy walk depending on their age? Nov 20, 2023 · Alleviate Arthritis 21. When your puppy hits that age, you will be confident that he has a healthy immune system. Sep 26, 2023 · Therefore, you should keep their first walks outside short and simple. Consider teaching cues like “Watch me” or “ Leave it ” to take their minds off the smell and put their attention back on you Mar 7, 2022 · Get My Quote. When he comes toward you, praise him and give him a treat. Super useful if you work from home and you need them to rest while you get Apr 21, 2021 · Weeks: 16-20. However, if you like to have fun and play around with your Pug, too, keep the total exercise time from 40 minutes to one hour (as recommended by the UK Pug Dog Club and the American Kennel Club). This immune system can help him defend many infections that are within other dogs’ urine. 8-10 weeks. Exercise safety for puppies. 15 minutes. However, I don’t recommend walking your puppy in overcrowded places until your puppy is at least 3-3. Again, let your vet confirm this since it depends on the particular shots your pup Sep 8, 2021 · Golden Retriever puppies usually open their eyes at around 2 weeks old. She had a big leap at 6 months and still needs 3 x 30 min walks but will happily have 1 of those be longer. Walking Your Puppy: On the Walk. While her primary series of shots won't be completed until around 12-16 weeks, you can take her outside to potty and begin to socialize her safely. When walking your puppy, make sure to take him or her on a paved surface. Jan 5, 2023 · Behavior Changes. Their breed will also impact how long your pup can go for. Naps and Bedtime Young puppies sleep a great deal of the time; in fact, some will sleep as much as 16-to-18 hours a day. Mark and treat for following you two steps to the left. During the third week their eyes and ears open, giving tiny pups a whole new way to experience life. Frequent short walks are preferable to a few long walks. Golden retriever puppies require short 10 to 15 minute walks or no more than about 5 minutes per month of age. For these dogs, a couple of 15 minute walks and a brief game of tag with their human are probably sufficient. She still lets me know when she wants to go home, so her max right now is about 45 min. Daily walks are a great way to form a strong bond between you and your new pup! For example, if your pup is eight months old, their activity level is relatively high, so you should walk them for about forty minutes per day. Avoid trying to pull the puppy. Since we live in the boonies we really don't go "walking" that often except around the property. May 9, 2021 · A rule of thumb is a puppy can walk five minutes for every month of age starting at eight weeks. This will help avoid overexerting and overwhelming your puppy. I’ve always given my puppies five minutes of exercise multiple times a day. A Mini Schnauzer can start learning to walk on a leash without pulling you as early Limit your puppy’s first walk to around five to ten minutes so they don’t become overtired or overwhelmed. Or 2-3 walks that are roughly 20 minutes long. Observe your dog’s behavior as an indicator to how much exercise your canine needs. Maltese Exercise Requirements. Golden Retriever puppies require daily walks as well, but you will want to reduce the duration and length, depending on their age. Before you take your puppy for a walk around the block, they will need to have completed a puppy vaccination schedule that includes three rounds of vaccinations: Round 1 (6-8 weeks): Distemper, Adenovirus, Parvovirus, Parainfluenza. 3-4 weeks: Teeth come in and they start to Sep 1, 2021 · 1. Start with short periods and gradually increase each session’s duration as they become more comfortable. Add mild distractions Nov 9, 2023 · Try to keep this scheduled at the same time each day. German Shepherd Puppy Walking: 8-week-to 12-week-old puppy. 4 days ago · How Long Do You Walk Your Puppy? Posted: July 16, 2024 | Last updated: July 16, 2024. Jul 6, 2021 · Your puppy’s age. Have Up to Date ID 23. Again, allow your puppy to choose the speed and take plenty of breaks for sniffing. Hold the leash while your puppy walks inside. She didn't like going longer than 30 min. Every 20 seconds or so, praise your dog for staying calm. So, if your puppy was three months old, then they’d be able to walk for 15 minutes. Puppies typically receive their first vaccination at 8-10 weeks with the second dose being given two to four weeks later and a third dose being given another two to four weeks after that. You can combine walking, swimming, and games to increase how much your Labrador exercises throughout the day. Be sure to reward your puppy with plenty of treats at first. One joy shatters a hundred griefs. So, don’t worry if your dog doesn’t When puppies need to be vaccinated. Practice in your garden, living room or kitchen and do so in short bursts. When they’re six months old, you’ll be walking 30 minutes a day. Make sure to keep a lookout for signs of over-exercising a puppy, like panting and a slow pace. Once your puppy is comfortable wearing the leash and the collar, do guided walks with your puppy. At about 2-3 weeks, Golden Retriever puppies go from the army crawl to waddling, to walking. How Long Do You Walk Your Puppy? Posted: June 17, 2024 | Last updated: June 17, 2024. When he stops, call him and give the leash a gentle tug again. Waiting until your dog is 4 months old to begin exposing them to your neighbourhood and other dogs can really set them back. The puppy’s mother plays a crucial role by providing warmth, nourishment, and safety, which allows them to focus on developing their mobility. I must note, this rule isn’t based on any specific scientific evidence, and Sep 28, 2022 · FAQ. Repeat this entire process until he responds by coming toward you, even just one or two inches. Check the list below for a full breakdown of how long a puppy should walk depending on their age. As they get older, you can start to stretch it out longer. Jul 11, 2024 · Yes, you can. As for how frequently to walk your puppy, the short answer is: as often as they need to go outside! Your puppy will be going to the toilet a lot, so it’s a good idea to schedule six to eight Apr 14, 2024 · You should walk a Labrador at least 1-3 times per day. Typically, puppies start attempting to walk between 2 and 3 weeks of age. Apr 3, 2023 · A general rule when walking a puppy is five minutes per month of age. Food and Nutrition. For larger breeds, Little suggested a 30-to-60-minute walk at a time, adding that more athletic breeds, like Labrador retrievers and Australian shepherds, can often go for long one Here’s a basic puppy walking chart by age: Puppy Age. At first, you might find your pup only likes a half an hour walk. Started toilet training. It’s also important to listen to your pup’s needs. Mar 8, 2024 · Hold off on jogging or running with your puppy on a leash until it’s mature. When the body temperature is above 105 degrees Jan 26, 2022 · What age can I walk my puppy. With its cold temperatures and inclement weather conditions, winter can pose some real risks to your pets while outside. As a result, they are more tolerant of a variety of illnesses. Whatever works best with your schedule. Apr 15, 2023 · A 12-week-old puppy can walk about 15 to 20 minutes. After the meal, only wait between 5 and 30 minutes to take The length of time you should walk your Labrador depends on its age and its physical condition. You can build it up to 15 to 20 minutes over the coming days and weeks. Some people like to click and treat, some people use a word like “yes,” and some people cluck their tongues. Apr 30, 2021 · When To Start Walking A Puppy. Puppy and dog walking tips. Jun 8, 2024 · How Long Do You Walk Your Puppy? Posted: June 8, 2024 | Last updated: June 8, 2024. It’s best to split their exercise into 2 or 3 walks per day so they can do their business as well. Whether it’s 2 walks that are 30 minutes long. Yep, you heard me right: 90 minutes daily of walking spread out in the morning and evening time is the best way to walk a German Shepherd. 25-30 minutes. There are many other factors to consider Mar 5, 2023 · If you buy a puppy that is too heavy for you to carry then you should consider going to the veterinarian’s clinic for their help. Before going anywhere with your puppy or dog, it’s important that you understand what it means to Dec 31, 2010 · Usually it's about 20-40 mins mid-morning and then another 1-1. Only take them for walks that are as long as their age allows. Puppies are born blind and deaf, with both their eyes and ears sealed shut. ago. Wondering how far can a puppy walk depending on their age? Apr 5, 2017 · Conversely, basset hounds, bulldogs and other low-energy breeds probably only need about 30 minutes or so of activity a day. Though, if your chi is very young or old, or has medical conditions, then you’ll probably want to shorten that amount based on your vet’s advice, online research, and the tips from this Oct 5, 2023 · Unlike human babies, puppies naturally progress in their walking skills as they become more aware of their surroundings. Wondering how far can a puppy walk depending on their age? We’ve asked a vet for the answer. Begin introducing them to a harness at the age of eight weeks. 1: Exposure to the environment. Jun 27, 2024 · Walgreens will close a significant number US stores, shutting down many unprofitable locations. To begin with, you can use a general rule of thumb for walking your puppy: walk them for five minutes for every month of age. You can set your puppy up for success by starting their lead training at home. Toy breeds like Maltese, poodle, and Lhasa Apso. 2 months: 10 mins once or twice a day. On average, it lasts seven to 10 days. 7. This means that you introduce your puppy to a leash even before they are ready their first leashed walk outside and you do it s-l-o-w-l-y. May 8, 2024 · It depends on the pup and the veterinarian, but your vet may give the okay for your pup to venture outside beginning at 8 weeks. Learn how to teach your dog five basic obedience cues every dog should know: sit, stay, down, come, and walk. Walk your Corgis 2 – 3 times per day. Since keeping a puppy isolated until Ideally, a good walk for a golden can be 30 to 60 minutes in length. Jun 15, 2023 · Common advice given is that a dog can be walked an extra 5 minutes per walk, for every month of their age. Introduce the puppy to the harness or leash. Oct 10, 2022 · So, simply multiply your puppy’s age in months by 5. Every now and then, give them a little treat alongside their praise. • 1 yr. Feb 1, 2022 · How long should you walk a puppy? Puppies need daily exercise to keep them stimulated and healthy, but they need far less exercise than adult dogs. While your puppy is below one year of age you will need to adjust the duration of their walk every month. The less stimulation and excitement around, the easier it is for them to focus on the task at hand. Mar 26, 2024 · Puppy training is essential for dog owners. Gradually increase how long you have your puppy walk next to you inside the house, then start walking outside where there are more distractions. Duration - The walk should last for a minimum of 20 minutes and up to 30 minutes is fine for most Maltese. Let your dog get familiar with the leash and harness. Cute little Pugs, with their funny flat faces, big Up to 8 weeks - before you bring your puppy home. One long walk in a day. The only aim on their very first walk is to ensure that it is a positive experience that helps to build their confidence. Of course, these are general guidelines. If you must walk on pavement, keep walks shorter. If your dog has an accident, don’t make a fuss, just clean up the mess, advises Dr. Your pup will feel more secure if they Oct 24, 2018 · Although there are many recommendations as to how long to walk your German Shepherd puppy, it is best to look to your puppy for clues on its limits. May 3, 2022 · Step two: Begin lead training in quiet areas and build on this in time. Dog walking is something that the whole family can enjoy and, better still, it costs nothing at all – only your time. 5 degrees Fahrenheit (F), this is a fever and is called hyperthermia. Begin by showing your puppy the leash and associating it with treats. Feb 16, 2021 · But this means that until your puppy is fully covered by its vaccinations, it is at risk of picking up infections while on walks. And a 4-month-old puppy can walk for 20 minutes a day. You’ll also need to consider your puppy's breed, as over exercising larger dog breeds and giant breeds can lead to orthopaedic problems when Sep 21, 2021 · How Long To Walk A Golden Retriever Puppy. The timing varies depending on the vaccine brand, so check citera. New textures, smells and people are just a short trip away! Say ‘hi’ to neighbors: Walk around town or the local ball field and have new people offer your puppy a treat. At the end of the day, the goal of the first walk is to get your puppy used to being on a leash and explore the outdoor environment gradually. Whichever Their vaccinations usually begin around 8 weeks old, with another set being given between 2-4 weeks later. At least 120 minutes for larger breeds, 30 to 60 minutes for smaller breeds. Start with 10 minutes, 2 times a day. Puppies are typically vaccinated at eight and ten weeks (although they can be vaccinated as early as four-six weeks) with the second dose usually being given two to four weeks later. A Vaccination Timeline. If you find your puppy is still a ball on energy increase it to 15 minutes, or you can add in a third 10-minute walk. A dog’s first experience with a leash is an exciting time. On average, most puppies will be fully vaccinated at around 14-16 weeks but this does vary. During this developmental period, called the imprinting stage, the brain is rapidly developing, and the dog is impressionable and ideal for training. When your puppy starts to pull, stop moving. At 5 months my golden was comfortable with 3 30 min walks a day. A 6-year-old Basset Hound needs 30-60 minutes of walking and 5-10 minutes of running every day. A 12-week-old puppy can walk for 15 minutes per day. They should only be walked when the weather permits. Four months would be 20 minutes, and so on. The more we build up our puppy’s confidence, the better. Started socialising them by introducing them to new situations and people. Put their crate in your bedroom. At this critical socialization period that ends by 16 weeks, puppies are students of life, Naito explains. Mar 26, 2024 · Several shorter sessions are better for a puppy than one long one. Jan 17, 2023 · First, start with puppy lead training inside the house and teach them that by your side is the right place to be. 4 days ago · Dailymotion. Try Alternative Exercise Dog Walking in Winter FAQs. Before bringing them home, you'll need to prepare for your new Mar 22, 2024 · Puppies can get some immunity from their mothers (if mum was vaccinated), which protects them during the early weeks. If your puppy pulls on their leash “Be a tree,” advises the American Kennel Club. Then, in theory, you should be able to walk your puppy from around 14 weeks old. Keep exercise sessions short and allow them to rest as much as they need. 10% of travelers have 4 days ago · Pets Radar. Use a cleaner that eliminates odors Nov 17, 2021 · Training Goal #8: Teach Loose-Leash Walking. Roupert3. 3 months: 15 mins once or twice a day. Around an hour for most breeds and up to 2 hours for larger breeds. Well, theoretically, yes. Rat and Small Game Terriers. A ten second sit is ample. Their eyesight is very limited, and their soon-to-be-brown eyes are sometimes blue when they first open them. This is why a pup’s first vaccination is not given until they are six to nine weeks of age. 5-6 months. You want to find the walking time that is Jul 12, 2024 · Introduce your puppy to a sound cue that means, “Food is coming. Daily Exercise Time. 8. For example, when your puppy is three months old, walk them for 15 minutes a day. Formal puppy training begins in earnest for 4 to 5 month old puppies: Heel: begin to practice heel work more purposefully. Timing - Generally, a morning walk and an evening walk are best. At approximately 2 weeks old, puppies start trying to stand. The speed of the walk should be pretty fast. A brisk walk is necessary because golden retrievers are difficult to fully tire out. May 20, 2022 · The general rule of thumb for walking puppies is to walk five minutes per month of age. Even up to 2 and a half hours for large high-energy breeds. Wait 1-2 weeks after their second vaccination before exposing them to the outside world. Seven days after a second vaccination, puppies can begin their first walks. That equates to 20 minutes when they’re four months old and 40 minutes when they’re eight months old. If your Labrador is still in his puppy stage, you should begin with a short walk, for 10 to 15 minutes each time. We suggest that you add on 5 minutes of exercise every month. Aug 10, 2022 · A walk in the morning can help to get things moving, your puppy’s bowels that is, and will help with toilet training and teaching them to use the toilet outside. Regardless of age, you should always start the training process by letting your dog wear their leash and harness inside the house before taking them outside. My four month old poops first thing at 6:30, eats, and then poops a couple of hours later on a long walk. Puppies tire very easily and need lots of sleep for their healthy development and wellbeing, so it’s important to give them plenty of opportunities to rest. Early socialization helps puppies adapt and become well-rounded, says Jun 17, 2024 · Pets Radar. When Puppies Open Their Eyes and Ears. Stand perfectly still and wait until your dog lets the leash Apr 16, 2022 · Dachshunds need anywhere between 30-60 minutes of exercise per day. Avoid Metal 25. There are a few things you can do to keep your puppy safe while they’re exercising: Make sure they are fully vaccinated before exercising them in public spaces. If your dog is overweight or has health issues, a 10-minute walk will suffice. Usually this is play/fetch outside. The key is ensuring the dog is comfortable and not afraid of the leash or harness. This phase can last anywhere from a few days to four weeks. This is the time when the female dog will allow mating to occur. So a 3-month-old puppy can be walked for 15 minutes at a time. • 4 yr. German Shepherds do best when your walk is at least 45 minutes long and you walk them twice a day. Training. The second is given three weeks later and the puppy is fully protected after a further one week. 5 minutes. Around 4 weeks old, a puppy starts to walk. For smaller breeds, this is about 6 to 8 months; medium breeds 12 months; large breeds 12 to 18 months; and giant Jan 23, 2022 · Conclusion. Go to the park: A change of scenery is good for your puppy. Frequency - This breed does best with two walks per day. Mark and treat for person walking past the gate. Make sure it is a positive experience. qs ul ni nz kq pd fm aq pb mt